[Communication and Mental Health: Characteristics related to empathy in primary care physicians in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil]. / Comunicación y salud mental: características relacionadas con la empatía en médicas y médicos del primer nivel de atención en Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

In Brazil, the provision of mental health care in primary care centers has gained strategic importance, as it ensures that users will be able to attend these services within their communities, and empathy is a key aspect in the development of the doctor-patient relationship. The aim of this study was to identify characteristics related to empathy in physicians who work in primary care centers and who provide care to individuals with mental disorders. Qualitative research was carried out in 2016, based on semi-structured interviews with eight general and family physicians. Material from the interviews was analyzed using content analysis techniques and three categories emerged: empathy in the active listening of the physician, strategies that allow for better patient care, and the mobilization of emotions. The use of empathy is intrinsically linked to the resolutive capacity of care, and the characteristics identified were active listening, resource management, and the development of methods to overcome the structural obstacles of daily routines.

En Brasil, el cuidado en salud mental en los centros de atención primaria se tornó estratégico, dado que garantiza que el usuario asista en su territorio, y la empatía es de gran importancia en el desarrollo de la relación médico-paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar características relacionadas con la empatía en médicas y médicos que trabajan en el primer nivel y atienden a personas con sufrimiento mental. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, en 2016, con entrevistas semiestructuradas a ocho médicas y médicos generalistas y de familia. Los relatos se analizaron con la técnica de análisis de contenido y se identificaron tres categorías: empatía en la escucha activa del médico, estrategias que permitan una mejor atención del paciente y movilización de sentimientos. El uso de la empatía está intrínsecamente relacionado con la resolutividad de la atención y las características encontradas fueron la utilización de la escucha activa, el manejo de recursos y el desarrollo de métodos para superar trabas estructurales del cotidiano.

[Profile of benzodiazepine users attending primary healthcare services in the city of Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil]. / El perfil de usuarios de benzodiazepinas en servicios de atención primaria de la salud de la ciudad de Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil.

Primary Health Care is a transversal point in the Psychosocial Care Network, responsible for attending to demands related to mental suffering. Although medication represents the main treatment option, the prolonged use of benzodiazepines may lead to tolerance and consequent dependence. The objective of this study is to analyze the frequency and characteristics of benzodiazepine users attending primary healthcare services, through a cross-sectional study conducted in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, a municipality in southern Brazil. Higher proportional prescription was observed in adult and elderly women, with predominance among individuals who were women (80%), white (67.9%), and married (50.7%), with a median age of 56 years. These findings suggest a need to plan and implement changes in the procedures for prescribing and administering benzodiazepines.

La atención primaria de la salud es un punto transversal dentro de la Red de Atención Psicosocial, y atiende las demandas relacionadas con el sufrimiento mental. Si bien los medicamentos representan la principal opción de tratamiento, el uso prolongado de benzodiazepinas puede desarrollar tolerancia y dependencia. El objetivo es analizar la frecuencia y las características de los usuarios de benzodiazepinas en los servicios de atención primaria de la salud, a través de un estudio transversal realizado en la ciudad de Chapecó, estado de Santa Catarina, un municipio del sur de Brasil. Se verificó un elevado número de prescripciones proporcionales entre mujeres, adultos y ancianos y un predominio de personas de sexo femenino (80%), color de piel blanca (67,9%), casadas (50,7%), con una media de edad de 56 años, que señala la necesidad de diseñar e implementar cambios en los procedimientos de prescripción y dispendio de benzodiazepinas.

Psicotrópicos prescritos na Atenção Básica: a importância do prontuário do paciente na pro-dução do cuidado / Psychotropic prescribed in Primary Health Care: the importance of patient's medical records in the production of care / Psicotrópicos prescritos en Atención Primaria de la Salud: la importancia de los archivos del paci-ente en la producción de cuidado

A Saúde Mental constitui um dos eixos prioritários na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica brasileira. Nesse cenário, o uso de psicotrópicos, medicamentos que caracterizam grande recurso terapêutico, seguindo uma tendência de medicamentalização a partir desses fármacos. Ob-jetiva-se relatar a experiência da etapa de coleta de dados em prontuários de usuários da Atenção Básica que receberam prescrição de psicotrópicos por médicos das Unidades Básicas de Saúde. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de fevereiro a abril de 2017, por meio de consulta aos prontuá-rios eletrônicos dos pacientes. Participaram da coleta quatro (04) acadêmicos de medicina e quatro (04) professores, todos membros da equipe do referido projeto. A pesquisa teve aprovação e seguiu os preceitos éticos, incluindo o termo de dispensa de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Ao longo da pesquisa, foram encontrados registros omissos, incompletos, com erros gramaticais e ortográficos e, com falta de clareza textual. Essas situações foram recorrentes nos prontuários consultados, o que dificulta o a integralidade do cuidado e o desenvolvimento de práticas colabora-tivas e em equipe. A experiência relatada revela a necessidade de desenvolver competências e ha-bilidades para a realização de registros completos e adequados nos prontuários, durante a formação profissional, sendo crucial o apontamento de particularidades próprias da saúde mental. Conclui-se ser imprescindível sensibilizar os futuros profissionais sobre a importância do prontuário, de-senvolvendo comprometimento ético e científico, garantindo um atendimento integral ao usuário. (AU)

Mental Health is one of the priority axes in the Brazilian National Primary Health Care Policy. In this scenario, the use of psychotropics, that characterize a great therapeutic re-source, following a trend towards medicamentation based on these drugs. We aim to report the experience from the data collect stage of the research, performed in patient's medical records of Primary Health Care users that received the prescription of psychotropic drugs by primary care doctors in these units. The data assortment happened in 2017, in the period of February to April, through review of the electronic medical records of the users of the Town's Health Attention Net-work. Four medical students and four teachers participated in the data panning, all members of the project's crew. The research got approval and followed the ethical principles, including the exemption of the written informed consent form. Throughout the research, missing, incomplete records were found, with grammatical and spelling errors and, with lack of textual clarity. Those where recurrent situations in the consulted medical records, hindering the care follow-up by other professionals, as well as the development of collaborative and team-based practices. The reported experience unveils the necessity for developing, during the practitioner's qualification, skills and abilities towards the execution of complete and adequate registers on the medical records. We conclude that is indispensable to sensitize future graduated professionals around the relevance of medical records, guaranteeing a comprehensive service to the user. (AU)

La salud mental es uno de los ejes prioritarios de la Política Nacional de Atención Primaria de Salud de Brasil. En este escenario, el uso de psicotrópicos, que caracterizan un gran recurso terapéutico, siguiendo una tendencia hacia la medicamentalización basada en estos fárma-cos. Se pretende relatar la experiencia de la etapa de recolección de datos en prontuarios de usua-rios de la Atención Primaria a la Salud que recibieron prescripción de psicotrópicos por médicos de las Unidades Básicas de Salud. La recolección de datos ocurrió en el período de febrero a abril de 2017, por medio de consulta a los Prontuarios Electrónicos de los usuarios de la Red de Aten-ción a la Salud municipal. Participaron en la colecta cuatro (04) académicos de medicina y cuatro (04) maestros, todos miembros del equipo de dicho proyecto. La investigación tuvo aprobación y siguió los preceptos éticos, incluyendo el término de dispensa de Término de Consentimiento Libre y Esclarecido. A lo largo de la investigación se encontraron registros faltantes, incompletos, con errores gramaticales y ortográficos y, con falta de claridad textual. Estas situaciones fueron re-currentes en los prontuarios consultados, lo que dificulta el acompañamiento del cuidado por otros profesionales y el desarrollo de prácticas colaborativas y en equipo. La experiencia relatada revela la necesidad de desarrollar competencias y habilidades para la realización de registros completos y adecuados en los prontuarios, y es fundamental señalar las particularidades de la salud mental. Se concluye que es imprescindible sensibilizar a los futuros profesionales sobre la importancia del prontuario, asegurando un servicio integral al usuario. (AU)

Childhood cancer: incidence and spatial patterns in the city of Campinas, Brazil, 1996-2005. / Cáncer infantil: incidencia y patrones espaciales en la ciudad de Campinas, Brasil, 1996-2005.

This article analyzes cancer incidence and spatial patterns in children and adolescents (0-19 years of age) residing in the city of Campinas in Southeastern Brazil who were diagnosed from 1996-2005. Cancers were classified according to the Third International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3) Groups. The four most common groups were studied: leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system and soft tissue neoplasms. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using the world standard population. A spatial Bayesian hierarchical regression model (controlling for data heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation) was fitted, assuming that the number of cancer cases follows a Poisson distribution. A total of 180 cases were diagnosed during the study period. Overall, the crude incidence rate was 54.2 per million and the age-standardized incidence rate was 56.5 per million. Although some regions present higher incidence rates, considering the spatial heterogeneity and the spatial autocorrelation, no statistically significant differences in the relative risks were observed.

Analizamos los patrones espaciales y las incidencias de cáncer en niños, niñas y adolescentes de 0 a 19 años de edad residentes en la ciudad de Campinas, al sureste de Brasil, diagnosticados entre 1996 y 2005. Se clasificaron los cánceres según los grupos de la tercera revisión de la International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3). Se incluyeron los cuatro grupos más comunes: leucemias, linfomas, y las neoplasias del sistema nervioso central y de tejidos blandos. Se calcularon tasas de incidencia estandarizadas por edad utilizando la población mundial estándar. Se ajustó un modelo espacial de regresión jerárquica de Bayes (controlando por la heterogeneidad de los datos y la autocorrelación espacial), que asume que el número de casos sigue una distribución de Poisson. Se diagnosticó un total de 180 casos durante el periodo de estudio. La tasa de incidencia bruta para las edades 0-19 años fue de 54,2 por millón y la tasa de incidencia estandarizada por edad fue de 56,5 por millón. Si bien algunas regiones presentan tasas de incidencia más altas al considerar la heterogeneidad y la autocorrelación, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los riesgos relativos.

Cáncer infantil: incidencia y patrones espaciales en la ciudad de Campinas, Brasil, 1996-2005 / Childhood cancer: incidence and spatial patterns in the city of Campinas, Brazil, 1996-2005

RESUMEN Analizamos los patrones espaciales y las incidencias de cáncer en niños, niñas y adolescentes de 0 a 19 años de edad residentes en la ciudad de Campinas, al sureste de Brasil, diagnosticados entre 1996 y 2005. Se clasificaron los cánceres según los grupos de la tercera revisión de la International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3). Se incluyeron los cuatro grupos más comunes: leucemias, linfomas, y las neoplasias del sistema nervioso central y de tejidos blandos. Se calcularon tasas de incidencia estandarizadas por edad utilizando la población mundial estándar. Se ajustó un modelo espacial de regresión jerárquica de Bayes (controlando por la heterogeneidad de los datos y la autocorrelación espacial), que asume que el número de casos sigue una distribución de Poisson. Se diagnosticó un total de 180 casos durante el periodo de estudio. La tasa de incidencia bruta para las edades 0-19 años fue de 54,2 por millón y la tasa de incidencia estandarizada por edad fue de 56,5 por millón. Si bien algunas regiones presentan tasas de incidencia más altas al considerar la heterogeneidad y la autocorrelación, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los riesgos relativos.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes cancer incidence and spatial patterns in children and adolescents (0-19 years of age) residing in the city of Campinas in Southeastern Brazil who were diagnosed from 1996-2005. Cancers were classified according to the Third International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3) Groups. The four most common groups were studied: leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system and soft tissue neoplasms. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using the world standard population. A spatial Bayesian hierarchical regression model (controlling for data heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation) was fitted, assuming that the number of cancer cases follows a Poisson distribution. A total of 180 cases were diagnosed during the study period. Overall, the crude incidence rate was 54.2 per million and the age-standardized incidence rate was 56.5 per million. Although some regions present higher incidence rates, considering the spatial heterogeneity and the spatial autocorrelation, no statistically significant differences in the relative risks were observed.

Pneumonia mortality trends in all Brazilian geographical regions between 1996 and 2012 / Tendência de mortalidade por pneumonia nas regiões brasileiras no período entre 1996 e 2012

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the temporal trends in pneumonia mortality rates (standardized by age, using the 2010 population of Brazil as the standard) in all Brazilian geographical regions between 1996 and 2012. Methods: This was an ecological time-series study examining secondary data from the Mortality Database maintained by the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System. Polynomial and joinpoint regression models, and corresponding 95% CIs, were used for trend analysis. Results: The pneumonia mortality rates in the South, Southeast, and Central-West showed a decreasing behavior until 2000, followed by increases, whereas, in the North and Northeast, they showed increasing trends virtually throughout the period studied. There was variation in annual percent change in pneumonia mortality rates in all regions except the North. The Central-West had the greatest decrease in annual percent change between 1996 and 2000, followed by an increase of the same magnitude until 2005. The 80 years and over age group was the one most influencing the trend behavior of pneumonia mortality rates in all regions. Conclusions: In general, pneumonia mortality trends reversed, with an important increase occurring in the years after 2000.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de mortalidade por pneumonia (padronizados por idade, utilizando-se a população do Brasil no ano de 2010 como padrão) nas regiões geográficas brasileiras no período entre 1996 e 2012. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais utilizando dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Departamento de Tecnologia da Informação do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram utilizados modelos polinomiais e de regressão segmentada, com respectivos IC95%, para a análise de tendências. Resultados: Os coeficientes de mortalidade das regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste apresentaram um comportamento de decréscimo até o ano de 2000, seguido de crescimento, enquanto as regiões Norte e Nordeste apresentaram tendência de crescimento por praticamente todo o período estudado. Os coeficientes de mortalidade por pneumonia tiveram mudanças em suas variações percentuais anuais, exceto na região Norte. A região Centro-Oeste teve a maior redução em variações percentuais anuais entre 1996 e 2000, seguidas de crescimento de mesma magnitude até 2005. A faixa etária de 80 anos ou mais foi a que mais influenciou o comportamento de tendência dos coeficientes de mortalidade por pneumonia em todas as regiões. Conclusões: De um modo geral, o comportamento dessa tendência se inverteu com um crescimento importante nos anos posteriores a 2000 nas regiões.

Pneumonia mortality trends in all Brazilian geographical regions between 1996 and 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trends in pneumonia mortality rates (standardized by age, using the 2010 population of Brazil as the standard) in all Brazilian geographical regions between 1996 and 2012. METHODS: This was an ecological time-series study examining secondary data from the Mortality Database maintained by the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System. Polynomial and joinpoint regression models, and corresponding 95% CIs, were used for trend analysis. RESULTS: The pneumonia mortality rates in the South, Southeast, and Central-West showed a decreasing behavior until 2000, followed by increases, whereas, in the North and Northeast, they showed increasing trends virtually throughout the period studied. There was variation in annual percent change in pneumonia mortality rates in all regions except the North. The Central-West had the greatest decrease in annual percent change between 1996 and 2000, followed by an increase of the same magnitude until 2005. The 80 years and over age group was the one most influencing the trend behavior of pneumonia mortality rates in all regions. CONCLUSIONS: In general, pneumonia mortality trends reversed, with an important increase occurring in the years after 2000.